Free Essays on Capital Moves

Renaissance Music Essays - Renaissance Music, Medieval Music

Renaissance Music Essays - Renaissance Music, Medieval Music Renaissance Music The Renaissance was a period by which present day researchers consider as that between 1350 1600. Plentiful in this new age was creations and individualistic convictions. Changes in music and social conduct were probably the most obvious advancement from its antecedent of the Middle ages. Time of new innovations, conviction, melodic styles of opportunity, and distinction. It was a time of investigation and experience from 1492-1519, which saw any semblance of Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Ferdinand Magellan. This was an extreme contrast from the Middle Ages where the congregation held the majority of the force. The force was gradually moving to the craftsman, artist, and individuals of high society. The word Renaissance implies resurrection. Utilized by craftsman and performer to recoup and apply the antiquated learning and norms of Greece and Rome. Rich Italian urban communities, for example, Florence, Ferrari, and milanland Venice began the Renaissance Age. Since these urban areas were extremely well off, individuals began burning through cash on various things, for example, painting, learning materials, and new frameworks of government. These were acceptable occasions for most and as a result of the ever-changing styles and mentalities towards culture and the congregation, music was the best purchase for the cash. This all offered ascend to another kind of researcher, called the humanist. Humanism was a subject worried about mankind and the way of life. Painters and stone workers presently utilized subjects from traditional writing and folklore, for example, characters from Homers epic sonnets. Painters like Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci were progressively intrigued by authenticity and utilized straight point of view in making their subjects. The naked body was a most loved topic of the ages where as in the Middle Ages was an object of disgrace and covering. Craftsman was no longer viewed as insignificant craftsmans, as they were known before, however just because rose as free masterminds. The Catholic Church was far less amazing now than they had been in the Middle ages. The congregation no longer consumed learning or the psyches of the regular admirer. Privileged people and the upper white collar class currently thought about instruction as a superficial point of interest and music was a multifaceted piece of that status quote. The creation of print quickened the spread of learning. Johan Gutenberg was credited with printing the principal Bible during this period, which gave this great bit of writing a more extensive crowd. The print machine made books a lot simpler to drop by which made them less expensive. Presently average folks could bear the cost of a scholarly extravagance, which was once just open to the rich. In this way, proficiency turned out to be progressively across the board since average citizens approached all types of print to incorporate music. With the Renaissance was the possibility of the widespread man, each informed individual was relied upon to be prepared in music. As in the Middle Ages, the performers worked in places of worship, courts and towns. The congregation stayed a significant supporter of music, however melodic action bit by bit moved to the yards. Rulers and dukes went after the best writers. With this, recently discovered notoriety artists delighted in higher status and pay than any time in recent memory. Writers were respected higher and held significant situations all through Europe. Numerous artists got inspired by governmental issues with the expectation that their status as an artist or author would assist with cultivating ones vocations. This was a sharp complexity from the majority of the Renaissance writers and performers. Most were from the Low Countries and from families that were not of prominate respectability. In the renaissance, as in the Middle Ages vocal music was a higher priority than instrumental music. The humanistic enthusiasm for language affected vocal music in another manner. Therefore, a particularly cozy relationship was made among words and music. Authors frequently utilized word painting, melodic portrayal of explicit beautiful pictures. Renaissance music sounds were more full than medieval music and had an all the more satisfying effect to the ear. New accentuation was put on the bass line for a more extravagant concordance. Themes music didn't require instrumental backup. The period was known as the gold time of unaccompanied a Cappella choral music. This is the place the current day hairstyling parlors group of four started. This new method made renaissance music both a joy and challenge, for every vocalist needed to keep up an individual cadence. This probably been

Understanding Operating Capital (+Examples)

Understanding Operating Capital (+Examples) THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING OPERATING CAPITALDoes your business have enough cash flow to overcome cash crunch worries? Most businesses fail, simply because they don’t have enough cash flows.While productivity and efficiency are both important, there is nothing like falling behind in terms of cash flows, and something that you would want to avoid.Capital is an important resource in a business setting and enables the firm to continue its operations. Capital can include physical items like raw materials, equipment, plants as well as human resource capital.Anyone with even the slightest idea of how businesses work knows the importance of capital in running an organization.The PWC’s 2018-19 Working Capital Report, for instance, talks about how businesses are finding it harder to convert cash, and how the working capital has only improved minutely for many businesses.Another report, by FTI Consulting, talks about how Australian businesses have seen their working capital decline by as much as 4% in the last five years.Today, we will explore a category of capital that businesses need to meet their daily expenses and maintain their operations.It is called operating capital, and this post will attempt to make you aware of the implications of operating capital.WHAT IS OPERATING CAPITAL?Operating capital is the capital required by a business to run its daily operations.Also known as working capital, it includes the available raw materials and financial resources.All of the resources together is called the operating capital.Operating capital represents the ability of a company to meet its production targets and other short-term obligations.If a company fails to generate adequate operating capital, then the business operations will be affected negatively.For this reason, you can use operating capital to gauge the short-term financial health and operating efficiency of an organization.For example, consider a company which manufactures sports shoes.To continue its production, you need the company to purchase raw materials like rubber, plastic, fabric by paying cash.After the company sources the raw materials, it will need the workers to operate the machines to produce the finished goods.So the company also needs to pay for electricity, oils, lubricants, water, and other resources required for production.The sum of all the expenses above will represent the operating capital of the firm.Did you understand the concept clearly? If not, we are going to make it more simple for you to understand-You can relate to operating capital as your individual cost of living to make it easy to understand. You will need to collect money that people owe you and keep a certain amount daily to pay for bills and cover other regular and day-to-day expenses. Operating capital acts in the same way to cover the expenditures a business makes daily. Now that you have an idea what operating capital is, let us see how you can find out the operating capital of a business.HO W TO CALCULATE OPERATING CAPITAL?You dont need to be an accounting Guru to find out the operating capital of a business.Operating capital can be found out using a simple method.You have to find the difference between the current assets and the current liabilities to get your operating capital. Therefore-Operating capital = current assets current liabilitiesExamples of current assets include cash, inventory, marketable securities, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, short-term advances and so on.Current liabilities include items such as paying taxes, short-term debt, accounts payable, accrued expenses, the current percentage of long-term debt and deferred revenue.Current assets include those assets which the company can convert to cash in a year. In the same way, current liabilities are those liabilities which are payable during the current financial year.Lets take an example to find out operating capital.ABC company finds out that its total current assets sum up to $1,500,000. T he total of all current liabilities comes to $1,000,000. So how do you calculate the operating capital?We know that operating capital is the difference between current assets and current liabilities. So,Operating capital of ABC company is $1,500,000 $1,000,000 = $500,000.It means that ABC company has an operating capital of $500,000 to pay for its operating expenses.Availability of operating capital doesnt necessarily indicate its adequacy or inadequacy to meet operational expenses.Sometimes, a company can also have negative operating capital.This happens when the current liabilities are more than the current assets.For example, lets say ABC company has current assets worth $1,500,000 while current liabilities amount to $2,000,000. Then the operating capital is-$1,500,000 $2,000,000 = -$500,000.You can see that ABC company has a negative operating capital which is certainly a red flag for the company. It means that the company wont be able to meet its operational expenses.In that case, it may need to raise additional capital by borrowing money or selling off some of its stocks.Companies also take help of ratios to evaluate their operating capital. We will find out more in the next section.IMPORTANT WORKING CAPITAL FORMULASHere is a look at some of the important working capital formulas you need to know about.Current RatioThis is a simple ratio that will determine how many times a company can pay off its current liabilities with its current assets.There is not too much use for this ratio outside of a set context, but if the value is greater than 1 then it shows that the company is more liquid and has assets that can be converted into liquid cash soon.This ratio is measured by dividing the current assets from current liabilities.Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current LiabilitiesExample:Current Ratio = $40,000/$20,000 = 2This means that the company can pay off its current liabilities two times over using its current assets.This ratio is mostly used as a general understanding of how the company is doing in the short term.Quick RatioThis ratio is quite similar to the current asset ratio, but in comparison, it separates only those assets that are the most liquid (Debtors and Cash in Hand).The reason for this is to measure the liquidity to a better standard.In the current ratio, all forms of liquid assets were used to measure current assets including inventory, which is not always the most beneficial asset to liquidate for spot cash.It is also not very easy to liquidate the existing stock to gain a high benefit from it.For that reason, the quick ratio eliminates this aspect of the current assets and then measures the liquidity.Quick Ratio â€" (Cash, Debtors and other securities)/Current LiabilitiesExample:Assets = Cash $5,000. Inventory $10,000. Debtors $10,000Liabilities = Creditors $5,000. Loan $5,000Quick Ratio = $15000/$10,000 = 1.5The current ratio value would have been 2.5 if used in the above example, but there is a significant re duction in the value with the inventory being taken away.This gives a more realistic idea of what the financial situation would be like in the time of an emergency when urgent cash would be needed.Inventory Turnover RatioThis ratio is used to measure how many times Inventory turns over (sold and replaced) in the business within a period of time.This will give the business an idea of how fast they can convert their stocks into cash.The ratio is calculated as follows:Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold/Average InventoryThe cost of goods sold value can be found on the income statement of any business.Average inventory is calculated by adding the starting inventory to the closing inventory and then dividing it by two.Example:Cost of Goods Sold = $20,000Opening Inventory = $7,000Closing Inventory = $5,000Average Inventory = ($7,000 + $5,000)/2 = $6,000Inventory Turnover = $20,000/$6,000 = 3.3 timesA higher value above the industry standard will show that the business is effective in manufacturing their stocks and selling it off to make cash within a period of time.A higher turnover rate would mean that the business has a healthy working capital value.Average Age of DebtorsIf the business has a lot of credit sales where they sell their products off to their customers on a credit basis, then this ratio will be quite useful for them.This will identify the average amount of time it will take a business to collect payments from their debtors and thus how fast the cash flows within the business. The ratio is calculated as follows:Average Age of Debtors = Accounts Receivable/Annual Credit Sales * 365 DaysExample:Debtor Days = $250,000/$2,000,000 = 0.125 * 365 days = 46 DaysTypically, if the average number of days is below 60, then the business should be doing okay as per the industry standard.But, the lower the business can make this, the faster they can get cash into the business, pay off their bills and ultimately have good working capital levels.THE OPERATING CAPIT AL RATIOApart from using the above formula, you can also analyze working capital using the operating capital ratio based on your companys current assets and liabilities.All that you have to do is to divide your current assets by current liabilities to find out the operating capital ratio-Operating capital ratio = current assets / current liabilitiesLets say the current assets of ABC company is $1,500,000 while current liabilities equal to $1,000,000. Therefore, the operating capital ratio is-Operating capital ratio = $1,500,000 / $1,000,000 or, 1.5.The operating capital ratio can be used to find out the liquidity of your company. Liquidity represents the ease of converting your current assets for cash and sometimes used by investors to determine the financial position of a company.An operating capital ratio equal to or greater than one means that the company is more liquid and hold liquid assets which can be converted into cash to meet the operational expenses and liabilities.If you r operating capital ratio is less than 1, it means that your amount of liabilities are more than your assets and you have negative working capital.Consequently, your company can face financial difficulties and even become bankrupt in the worst case scenario.For instance, lets say ABC company has current assets worth $1,500,000 and current liabilities are worth $2,000,000. So operating capital ratio is-Operating capital ratio = $1,500,000 / $2,000,000 or, 0.75.The ratio is less than 1 and indicates that ABC company is not in a very stable financial condition.You should also remember that a high operating capital ratio doesnt always indicate a favorable financial position.It can also mean that you have a surplus of inventory or additional assets which you are not investing in the company.So what should be an ideal operating capital ratio?The answer varies from industry to industry, and an operating capital ratio of 1.2 to 2.0 is considered the optimum range.Another way to determine th e liquidity of your business is to find out the quick ratio which can indicate your short term liquidity.The formula only considers most liquid assets like receivables and cash to find out liquidity. Using the quick ratio makes sense when you dont want to liquidate your inventory or other non-current assets and calculated as-Quick ratio = accounts receivables, marketable securities and cash / current liabilitiesOperating capital is an important aspect and businesses need to ensure they have enough of it to run its operations. We will now take a look at the importance of operating capital.THE IMPORTANCE OF OPERATING CAPITAL FOR A BUSINESSOperating capital or working capital is a necessity for all businesses.You will need a regular amount of cash to purchase raw materials for the production of goods, make routine payments and cover other unexpected costs.Operating capital is also an important metric to gauge the liquidity, efficiency and the overall financial health of your company.Th e capital reflects the outcomes of different business activities such as inventory management, revenue collection, payments to suppliers and debt management.The measure also ropes in accounts payable, inventory, cash, accounts receivable, amount of debt due and other short-term accounts.Operating capital also has other important aspects for your business such as 1. Ensuring Production ActivitiesYou can ensure a smooth production process only when you have adequate operating capital in your hands. There should be adequate accounts receivables, inventory and cash to support your on-going production process and make up for outstanding debt obligations.You can also replenish your inventory and allow credit sales without hampering your financial position when you have adequate operating capital.2. Avail Financial Support or LoansWe have discussed how you can use the operating capital ratio to find out the liquidity of a company.Investors and other interested parties will rely on the oper ating capital or the operating capital ratio to evaluate your company and its performance.They will be able to make out if your business is financially healthy and being managed efficiently as operating capital is a good indicator of the status of your accounts receivable, accounts payable, inventory and cash.If you have a favorable operating capital, then it will be easy for you to convince investors or lenders to get loans or financial support.3. Make Up for Sales FluctuationsYou can stay afloat in fluctuating market conditions by relying on your operating capital.This aspect is more crucial if you are operating in a seasonal industry, as the operating capital ensures the continuity of production even during the low seasons.If you have adequate operating capital, you can bridge the revenue gap resulting out of sales decline in offseasons.Otherwise, you are more likely to default your bills and other short-term debts which will impact the credit profile of your business.4. Helps to Grow Your BusinessHaving sufficient operating capital gives you more flexibility and satisfy the demands of your customers. You can also use the capital to expand your business and exploit new opportunities.The money can be used to invest in new products or services or to enter a new market. The operating capital can act as a cushion when your business needs a bit of extra cash for varied reasons.We are sure now you have realized the importance of operating capital for your business. But do you know it is also essential to manage operating capital effectively?Lets take a look at the reasons so that you are not left in the dark!THE IMPORTANCE OF OPERATING CAPITAL MANAGEMENTIf you own a company, then you need to manage your operating capital properly. In case you fail to have adequate capital, then your business will not be able to cover its obligations.You can also encounter financial insolvency and more likely to run into legal troubles and liquidation of assets.Finally, you may ha ve no choice other than filing for bankruptcy! Surely you dont want that to happen!You have to follow a sound accounting strategy to manage your operating capital.The strategy should ensure that you have sufficient funds between your current assets and current liabilities.With a sound operating capital management strategy, you can meet all your financial obligations and even have the opportunity to boost your earnings!You will need to manage various aspects of your business to manage operating capital effectively.This will include managing cash, inventories, accounts payable, accounts receivable and other related accounts.You can use different key performance ratios to identify the aspects of your business you need to focus on for ensuring profitability and liquidity.Such metrics include collection ratio, operating capital ratio and inventory turnover ratio.You should always monitor the liquidity position of your business because it directly represents your companys credit image.In the next section, we will discuss a few steps you can use to optimize your operating capital.HOW TO OPTIMIZE OPERATING CAPITAL?1. Try to Reduce InventoryYou need to analyze your production planning and orders to find the means to reduce your inventory. Some steps to reduce inventory include-Accurate demand forecastingEliminating non-value adding steps in the production processMaking production process simpler through standardization of products2. Faster Payment CollectionYou can increase your operating capital by paying early and collecting payments late.The cash flow can be increased by-Promptly issuing invoicesSending payment reminders and cutting back on grace periodsRevising payment terms and conditions to enable quicker payments3. Increasing Payable TimelineYou can negotiate with your suppliers to lengthen your payables cycles and enjoy favorable terms.Also, wait till the due date to make your payments after the supplier has fulfilled all his obligations.You can also achieve po sitive cash flow by balancing account receivables and payables.4. Establish Measurement MetricsYou can optimize your operating capital by developing an effective program and communicating it with all stakeholders in your organization.Establishing measurement metrics will help you gauge the fulfillment of goals and act as a feedback mechanism.You can also rely on analytics to optimize operating capital in your organization.Now we will consider a case study to help you give a clear picture of how firms manage their operating capital.CASE STUDY: OPERATING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT BY A PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANYA pharmaceutical company was looking to reduce its operating capital footprint and sought the consultation of Bank of America Merrill Lynch.Following strategic operating capital management, the pharmaceutical company was able to reduce its operating capital footprint by $2 billion.The company focused on multiple aspects to achieve its target.The first step the company took is to go through its trade receivables account to identify potential opportunities to control the credit terms.The organization also focused on accounts receivables to deal with slow payments and appointed a third party who could take the risks of collecting dues by discounting the invoices.The company was able to slow down the consumption of operating capital by adjusting the payable obligations.It followed the present payment terms and even made the payments before due date which directly impacted their operational efficiency.The inventory of the company also went through an overhaul, starting from basic inputs to the finished products.The company wanted to achieve the optimal level of inventory as cash is tied up with maintaining inventory.The firm was able to free up cash by reducing inventory and add the cash to its operating capital.Another important step in managing operating capital was to create an operating capital scorecard and dashboard.The step ensured that both the managers and the co rporate team have greater visibility and increase their focus on operating capital management.The managers were also given an operating capital optimization tool kit to fall back upon whenever required.The success of managing operating capital depended mainly on three aspects-Creating a cross-functional and sustainable enterprise approach that focused on key elementsOptimum utilization of available resources, tools, processes, data and technologyEmpowering a person with accountability, authority and executive support to deliver resultsYou can use the case study as a blueprint to optimize operating capital in your business and boost your profitability.CONCLUSIONOperating capital is required by businesses to run the production process and meet other daily expenses.The amount of operating capital needed varies from industry to industry and company to company so no standard amount can be quoted.As a business owner, it is your responsibility to strike the perfect balance between your cur rent assets and liabilities so that you can have adequate operating capital to carry out your business operations and meet other financial obligations.

A Study On Genetic Engineering - 1457 Words

Zishan Bhatti Bio 1101 Lecture 10 am Professor Fuscaldo 5/1/2015 CRISPR Cas9 Genetic engineering is a feat that humans have been attempting to perfect for a very long time. Genetic engineering is trying to change or modify an animal or organism’s genetic makeup or genome using biotechnology. There are a lot of technologies that have been invented throughout the years that attempt to do this. One of the newest biomedical engineering advancements is the CRISPR Cas9, it is a microbial nuclease system which can seriously benefit science if it truly works properly. There has been countless amounts of genetic engineering technologies invented, but a majority of them have some sort of defect or harmful side effect. Though, there are genetic†¦show more content†¦Genetic engineering is replacing, changing, or deleting certain hereditary traits from a cell, and there are countless technologies that have been invented to do this such as, gene isolation, gene targeting, and transformation. Emmanuelle Charpentie was initially researching how tr acrRNA would function inside the CRISPR. It was previously acknowledged that with this the bacteria’s being tested would not be able to be invaded by foreign virus. From the 1980s scientist have always believed that the CRISPR was just a useless chunk of the DNA that had no worth. Though then with Emmanuelle’s studies scientist started to realize that the CRISPR might actually be a defense mechanism inside the cells of bacteria. CRISPR can take viral information from a virus and then make itself immune to it. The scientist worked on this and it can be used to cut and replace DNA. Now with the revolution of CRISPR cas9 genetic engineering is a simple task to do, well much simpler than it was before. See in the past it has been complicated to cut a piece of DNA out successfully and then replace it with another strand of your choice without any sort of defect. The CRISPR cas9 not only cuts but can replace as well on its own. The scientist who worked on the CRISPR such as Emmanuelle Chantie and Doudna had no idea it was going to be able to be used for genetic engineering. Then after they realized and other genetic researchers started looking into this a scientific

The Failure Of The League Of Nations - 2581 Words

The League of Nations was doomed To failure from the start Adam Jenner Many may believe that the League of Nations was doomed to failure as soon as the doors of their Geneva headquarters were opened; many may say that it was built on unstable foundations; that the very idea of it was a grave misjudgment by the powers that were. Indeed it is true that the League of Nations, when it was set up was marred with many fundamental flaws. The League of Nations was formed after the end of the First World War. It was an idea that President Wilson introduced as an international police force to maintain peace and to ensure the devastating atrocities like the First World War ever happening again. The principle mission of the League of Nations was to maintain World Peace. Their failure as the international peacekeeping organization to maintain world peace brought the outbreak of Second World War. Their failure in policing and preventing peace in settling disputes throughout Europe, erupted into th e most devastating war ever. Through my analysis of the failures of the League of Nations to maintain world peace, my arguments will demonstrate the understandings of the reasons and events that created the most devastating environment for the Second World War. When the league first started everyone had different ideas of what organization it should be and what aims it should have. The league was based on the covenant a set of 26 articles or rules which all members had to agree to and theShow MoreRelatedLeague of Nations Failures1246 Words   |  5 PagesLEAGUE OF NATIONS [FAILURES]- While the League of Nations could celebrate its successes, the League had every reason to examine its failures and where it went wrong. These failures, especially in the 1930’s, cruelly exposed the weaknesses of the League of Nations and played a part in the outbreak of World War Two in 1939. During the 1920’s the failures of the League of Nations were essentially small-scale and did not threaten world peace. However they did set a marker – that the League of NationsRead MoreFailure Of The League Of Nations893 Words   |  4 PagesI. Failure of the League of Nations 1. United States Refused to Join A. In 1918, Woodrow Wilson, the president at the time, wrote an open letter suggesting that if the Republicans were to gain control of congress they would give ease to Germany. This accusation was false as the Republicans had backed World War I and because of this they won the 1918 elections and gained control of the Senate and the House. Lodge became the majority leader and demanded compromise on the League of Nations charter beforeRead MoreThe Failure Of The League Of Nations2531 Words   |  11 PagesMany may believe that the League of Nations was doomed to failure from the start, as the doors of their Geneva headquarters opened many say that it was built on unstable foundations and that the very idea of it was a grave misjudgment by the powers that were. It’s believed to be true that the League of Nations was marred with many fundamental flaws from the beginning. The League of Nations was formed shortly after the end of the First World War. It was an idea that President W ilson introduced asRead MoreThe Successes and Failures of the League of Nations1554 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the 1920’s the League of Nations primary desire was to end war across all fronts and to promote international co-operation. Therefore the best criteria that can be used to classify a success, was whether war was avoided and a peaceful settlement formulated after a crisis between two or more nations. Although this aim was the most important the league also tried to help economic problems in other countries. This applied to the economic collapse of Austria and Hungary between 1922-3. WhenRead MoreThe Failure of the League of Nations Essays1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe Failure of the League of Nations The League of Nations was always a rather idealistic idea. The idea of keeping peace around the world obviously had good intentions but there would always be conflicting issues between member states of the League. When founded on January 10th 1920, The League of Nations was made up of 24 nations including Britain and France who were the economic haves from the First World War, this meant they had benefited through gaining inRead MoreThe Failure of the League of Nations Essay2299 Words   |  10 PagesThe Failure of the League of Nations In this essay I am going to explain whether I agree or disagree with the following statement: The league failed in the 1930s simply because it faced greater challenges than it had faced in the 1920s. The League of Nations was formed in 1919 just after the First World War. It was the initial idea of Woodrow Wilson, the president of the USA, and was formed as an international police force to keep the peace and to make sureRead MoreWeaknesses and Failure of the League of the Nations3552 Words   |  15 Pagesand Failure of the League of the Nations The onset of the Second World War demonstrated that the League had failed in its primary purpose, which was to avoid any future world war. There were a variety of reasons for this failure, many connected to general weaknesses within the organization. Weaknesses Origins and structure The origins of the League as an organization created by the Allied Powers as part of the peace settlement to end the First World War led to it being viewed as a League of VictorsRead MoreReasons for the Failure of the League of Nations Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesReasons for the Failure of the League of Nations Although there is dispute about whether the League was a success in the 1920s, it is generally agreed that it was a failure in the 30s. In 1929, the Wall Street Crash started a long depression that quickly led to economic problems throughout the world, damaging trade and industry of all countries. It led to negatively affecting the relations between countries. Im 1931, the first major test for the League came about withRead MoreThe Failure of the League of Nations and the Outbreak of War in 1939913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Failure of the League of Nations and the Outbreak of War in 1939 There are many causes for the outbreak of the Second World War. These include the failure of the League of Nations, the Treaty of Versailles, Hitlers actions and so on. Some of them are more important then others and are mostly linked with another cause. The failure of the League of Nations was one of the main reasons for the outbreak of war. It exposed weaknesses which encouraged Hitler to invadeRead MoreThe Repeated Failure of the League of Nations in Keeping Peace668 Words   |  3 PagesThe Repeated Failure of the League of Nations in Keeping Peace The League of Nations repeatedly failed in keeping the peace because, first of all Hitler went against the Treaty of Versailles and started World War 2 yet the League of Nations failed to react. The Treaty of Versailles also failed because Mussolini in Abyssinia went against the league and Manchuria also contributed towards the failure to keep the peace. The structure of the league didnÂ’t help as the council

Syndretizm And Abstraction In Early Christian And free essay sample

Roman Art Essay, Research Paper Within the 500 old ages of history from the debut of Christian art around 200 CE until the prohibition on spiritual images in 8th century Byzantium, a continuity between the classical spiritual tradition and Christianity is apparent. Syncretism, or the assimilation of images from other traditions, defined the Late Antique period # 8217 ; s aesthetic passage into the first three centuries of Byzantine art making a span between Antiquity and the Middle Ages. In late Rome, amidst a turning tendency toward abstraction, classical signifiers and values were giving to a symbolic pragmatism in imperial secular art, puting the phase for later abstract religious values in Christian graphicss. The late Roman universe was sing a assortment of problems.The rapid sequence and violent overthrow of the imperial leaders, military catastrophes, turning rising prices and revenue enhancement, along with the forsaking of traditional faith, opened the door for new tendencies in doctrine and faith that of fered an flight from the worlds of a rough world. We will write a custom essay sample on Syndretizm And Abstraction In Early Christian And or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Greek construct of a man-centered humanistic art was melting. Art shifted off from Hellenistic accomplishments including foreshortening, atmostpheric position, and re-creating world, toward a two dimensional symbolic attack with a more stiff manner. # 8220 ; The contrast of visible radiation and shadow, the coevals of natural signifiers, and the optical effects of classical art, gave manner to freshly abstracted signifiers with a concentration on sybolism played against the classical background making aesthic and emotional entreaty. # 8221 ; ( Byzantine Art in the Making, p.114 ) The Arch of Constantine and the statue group known as The Tetrarchs are illustrations of the prostration of the classical art signifiers in official plants of late Roman art. Both exhibit # 8220 ; characters with stubby proportions, angular motions, and telling of parts through symmetricalness and repeat # 8221 ; ( Art History, p.283 ) Symbolic importance was stressed instead than Torahs of nature. S implfied and stripped down to necessities, the images communicated forceful and direct messages. As the traditional Roman influence on art starts to disintegrate, early Christian art continues the usage of symbolism and demonstrates a continuity with the classical period by integrating ancient symbols and thoughts. Until Constantine the Great made Christianity one of the Roman Empire # 8217 ; s province faiths with the Edict of Milan in 313 CE, Christian art was restricted to the ornament of the concealed topographic points of worship, such as catacombs and run intoing houses. # 8221 ; In imperial Rome, citizens had the legal right to bury their dead in belowground suites beside the Appian Way, the metropolis # 8217 ; s main thoroughfare.By the late 2nd century some of the graves displayed Christian symbols and topics, proposing the increasing assurance of the new faith in an otherwise hostile Roman environment. # 8221 ; ( Western Humanities, p.149 ) Most of the early representa tions in Christian picture were derived from Roman art, stylized to suit into Christian beliefs. # 8221 ; There are several grounds for this usage of a common ocular linguistic communication ; cardinal to all of these grounds is the fact that version to the encompassing civilization was necessary for the endurance of the new faith, and a primary cause of its victory over the Greco-Roman religion. # 8221 ; ( The Begining of Christian Art, p.27 ) The catacomb pictures were rich in images, utilizing iconography and symbolism to convey the thoughts of Christian resurrectrion, redemption, and life after decease. The manner of these pictures chiefly focused on the message, instead than on the naturalism of earlier Greco-Roman a rt. â€Å"The mundane aspects of the scenes are disregarded; their settings contain a bare minimum of furniture and architecture. The figures themselves, apart from the faces, with their big, staring eyes, lack plasticity and their attitudes and gestures are quite unlike those of real life. They have no weight, no real contact with the ground, but seem to hover lightly just above it. The space surrounding the figures and objects is sketchily indicated, everything is flattened, schematized. Clearly, for the artists who made these images, material reality counted for nothing, and one can only suppose that this habit of shutting their eyes to the physical world was a whole-hearted adoption of the new faith, in which the spiritual world was man’s sole concern.† (The Catacombs, p.73 ) The visual aspect of religion was very important, especially in an environment in which, for the most part, people did not read. This symbolic and syncretic religious art becomes an easy way to spread teachings, especially among a people that are used to seeing their gods as the Greeks and Romans. There are many instances of pagan images being either adapted to Christian use or placed alongside Christian images. Common motifs were used in the early Christian catacomb paintings melding Greco-Roman images into Christian artistic representations. Depictions of Jesus as shepherd, Christ as Helios, and the story of Jonah are all examples of syncretism used to convey religious messages within the fledgling Christian religion. In this paper I will focus on the image of the Good Shepherd. In the Catacomb of Callixtus, a third-century fresco depicts a youthful shepherd as a symbol of Jesus. A similar depiction can also be found at Dura Europas, in an ancient Christian meeting- house. Christ the Good Shepherd of the Twenty-third Psalm was often depicted as a beardless youth derived from the pagan god Apollo and with other ties to many Mediterranean mythologies. † Beyond the Apollonian parallels found in the depictions of the shepherd†¦ one must think only of the Babylonian Tammuz, the Greek Adonis, and by extension, the Egyptian Osiris, who bears, as symbols of his royalty, a flail and a small staff that resembles a shepherd’s crook† (The Origins of Christian Art , p.62) Other evidence of a continuity based on the mythological past are the musical pipes the shepherd is sometimes portrayed with, reminiscent of Orpheus figures surrounded by animals that listen to him play. â€Å"The profession of shepherd was associated with the Orphic cult leader Orpheus† (The Beginning of Christian Art, p.58) In early Christian art, the shepherd figure was sometimes portrayed as a man with a sheep on his shoulders;Christ as the shepherd leading the stray sheep back to the fold. Interestingly, this pose of the youth carrying an animal on his shoulders appeared in Archaic Greek sculpture as early as the sixth century BCE. Even though the shepher d and sheep convey a Christian message, the image adapts a familiar Greco-Roman theme-known already in popular art. From the first appearance of serious cracks in the structure of the Roman empire as a universal power, until the Early Byzantine period, artistic trends were dominated by a blending of traditional images, or syncretism,and symbolism conveyed emotionally by the increased use of abstraction. During this turbulent period, a firm foundation developed for medieval art both in the East and in the West.Throughout the Middle ages this same basic formula with its focus on symbolism was used many times in religious contexts to express similar ideas.

Ch17 Blood Essay Example

Ch17 Blood Essay 17: Blood Objectives Overview: Blood Composition and Functions 1. Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood. Explain why it is classified as a connective tissue. 2. List eight functions of blood. Blood Plasma 3. Discuss the composition and functions of plasma. Formed Elements 4. Describe the structure, function, and production of erythrocytes. 5. Describe the chemical makeup of hemoglobin. 6. Give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of erythrocytes. Explain what goes wrong in each disorder. 7. List the classes, structural characteristics, and functions of leukocytes. 8. Describe how leukocytes are produced. 9. Give examples of leukocyte disorders, and explain what goes wrong in each disorder. 10. Describe the structure and function of platelets. Hemostasis 11. Describe the processes of hemostasis. List factors that limit clot formation and prevent undesirable clotting. 12. Give examples of hemostatic disorders. Indicate the cause of each condition. Transfusion and Blood Replacement 13. Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups. Explain the basis of transfusion reactions. 14. Describe fluids used to replace blood volume and the circumstances for their use. Diagnostic Blood Tests 15. Explain the diagnostic importance of blood testing. Developmental Aspects of Blood 16. Describe changes in the sites of blood production and in the type of hemoglobin produced after birth. 17. Name some blood disorders that become more common with age. Chapter Outline I. Overview: Blood Composition and Functions (pp. 635–636; Fig. 17. 1) A. Components (p. 635; Fig. 17. 1) 1. Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of living cells, called formed elements, suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix, blood plasma. 2. Blood that has been centrifuged separates into three layers: erythrocytes, the buffy coat, and plasma. . The blood hematocrit represents the percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood. B. Physical Characteristics and Volume (p. 635) 1. Blood is a slightly basic (pH = 7. 35–7. 45) fluid that has a higher density and viscosity than water, due to the presence of formed elements. 2. Normal blood volume in males is 5–6 liters, and 4–5 liters for females. C. Functions (pp. 635–636) 1. Blood is the medium for delivery of oxygen and nutrients, removal of metabolic wastes to elimination sites, and distribution of hormones. 2. Blood aids in regulating body temperature, body fluid pH, and fluid volume within fluid compartments. . Blood protects against excessive blood loss through the clotting mechanism, and from infection through the immune system. II. Blood Plasma (p. 636; Table 17. 1) A. Blood plasma consists of mostly water (90%), and solutes including nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, products of cell activity, ions, and proteins (p. 636; Table 17. 1). B. Plasma proteins account for 8% of plasma solutes, mostly albumin, which function as carriers (p. 636). III. Formed Elements (pp. 637–649; Figs. 17. 2–17. 12; Table 17. 2) A. Erythrocytes (pp. 637–643; Figs. 17. 2–17. 8) 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Ch17 Blood specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ch17 Blood specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ch17 Blood specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are small cells that are biconcave in shape. They lack nuclei and most organelles, and contain mostly hemoglobin. a. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding pigment that is responsible for the transport of most of the oxygen in the blood. b. Hemoglobin is made up of the protein globin bound to the red heme pigment. 2. Production of Erythrocytes a. Hematopoiesis, or blood cell formation, occurs in the red bone marrow. b. Erythropoiesis, the formation of erythrocytes, begins when a myeloid stem cell is transformed to a proerythroblast, which develops into mature erythrocytes. . Erythrocyte production is controlled by the hormone erythropoietin. d. Dietary requirements for erythrocyte formation include iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid, as well as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. e. Blood cells have a short life span due to the lack of nuclei and organelles; destruction of dead or dying blood cells is accomplished by macrophages. 3. Erythrocyte Disorders a. Anemias are characterized by a deficiency in RBCs. b. Polycythemia is characterized by an abnormal excess of RBCs. B. Leukocytes (pp. 643–648; Figs. 17. 9–17. 11; Table 17. 2) 1. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are the only formed elements that are complete cells and make up less than 1% of total blood volume. 2. Leukocytes are critical to our defense against disease. 3. Granulocytes are a main group of leukocytes characterized as large cells with lobed nuclei and visibly staining granules; all are phagocytic. a. Neutrophils are the most numerous type of leukocyte. They are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation and are active phagocytes. b. Eosinophils are relatively uncommon and attack parasitic worms. c. Basophils are the least numerous leukocyte and release histamine to promote inflammation. . Agranulocytes are a main group of lymphocytes that lack visibly staining granules. a. T lymphocytes directly attack virus-infected and tumor cells; B lymphocytes produce antibody cells. b. Monocytes become macrophages and activate T lymphocytes. 5. Production and Life Span of Leukocytes a. Leukopoiesis, the formation of white blood cells, is regulated by th e production of interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSF). b. Leukopoiesis involves differentiation of hemocytoblasts along two pathways: lymphoid and myeloid stem cells. 6. Leukocyte Disorders a. Leukopenia is an abnormally low white blood cell count. . Leukemias are clones of a single white blood cell that remain unspecialized and divide out of control. c. Infectious mononucleosis is a disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. C. Platelets (pp. 648–649; Fig. 17. 12) 1. Platelets are not complete cells, but fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes. 2. Platelets are critical to the clotting process, forming the temporary seal when a blood vessel breaks. 3. Formation of platelets involves repeated mitoses of megakaryocytes without cytokinesis. IV. Hemostasis (pp. 649–654; Figs. 17. 13–17. 14; Table 17. 3) A. A break in a blood vessel stimulates hemostasis, a fast, localized response to reduce blood loss through clotting (p. 649). B. Vascular spasms are the immediate vasoconstriction response to blood vessel injury (p. 649). C. Platelet Plug Formation (pp. 649–650; Fig. 17. 13) 1. When endothelium is damaged, platelets become sticky and spiky, adhering to each other and the damaged vessel wall. 2. Once attached, other platelets are attracted to the site of injury, activating a positive feedback loop for clot formation. D. Coagulation, or blood clotting, is a multistep process in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel (pp. 50–652; Figs. 17. 13–17. 14; Table 17. 3). 1. Factors that promote clotting are called clotting factors, or procoagulants; those that inhibit clot formation are called anticoagulants. 2. The clotting process involves three phases: formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and the formation of fibrin mesh fr om fibrinogen in the plasma. a. The intrinsic pathway of clotting is so named because all factors necessary are present within the blood. It is a slower clotting pathway, and may be triggered by negatively charged surfaces, such as activated platelets, collagen, or glass. b. The extrinsic pathway is triggered through an endothelium-derived protein factor, called tissue factor (TF) or factor III, and can occur very rapidly. E. Clot Retraction and Repair (p. 652) 1. Clot retraction is a process in which the contractile proteins within platelets contract and pull on neighboring fibrin strands, squeezing plasma from the clot and pulling damaged tissue edges together. 2. Repair is stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). F. Fibrinolysis removes unneeded clots through the action of the fibrin-digesting enzyme plasmin (p. 652). G. Factors Limiting Clot Growth or Formation (pp. 652–653) 1. Rapidly moving blood disseminates clotting factors before they can initiate a clotting cascade. 2. Thrombin that is not bound to fibrin is inactivated by antithrombin III and protein C, as well as heparin. H. Disorders of Hemostasis (pp. 653–654) 1. Thromboembolytic disorders result from conditions that cause undesirable clotting, such as roughening of vessel endothelium, slow-flowing blood, or blood stasis. 2. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a situation leading to widespread clotting throughout intact vessels, and may occur as a complication of pregnancy, septicemia, or incompatible blood transfusions. . Bleeding disorders arise from abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation, such as a deficiency in circulating platelets, lack of synthesis of procoagulants, or hemophilia. V. Transfusion and Blood Replacement (pp. 654–657; Fig. 17. 15; Table 17. 4) A. Transfusion of whole blood is routine when blood loss is substantial, or when treating thrombocytopenia (pp. 654–656; Fig. 17. 15; Table 17. 4). 1. Humans have different blood types based on specific antigens on RBC membranes. 2. ABO blood groups are based on the presence or absence of two types of agglutinogens. 3. Preformed antibodies (agglutinins) are present in blood plasma and do not match the individual’s blood. 4. The Rh factor is a group of RBC antigens that are either present in Rh+ blood, or absent in Rh– blood. 5. A transfusion reaction occurs if the infused donor blood type is attacked by the recipient’s blood plasma agglutinins, resulting in agglutination and hemolysis of the donor cells. B. Plasma and blood volume expanders are given in cases of extremely low blood volume (pp. 656–657). VI. Diagnostic Blood Tests (p. 657) A. Changes in some of the visual properties of blood can signal diseases such as anemia, heart disease, and diabetes (p. 57). B. Differential white blood cell counts are used to detect differences in relative amounts of specific blood cell types (p. 657). C. Prothrombin time, which measures the amount of prothrombin in the blood, and platelet counts evaluate the status of the hemostasis system (p. 657). D. SMAC, SMA12–60, and com plete blood count (CBC) give comprehensive values of the condition of the blood (p. 657). VII. Developmental Aspects of Blood (p. 657) A. Prior to birth, blood cell formation occurs within the fetal yolk sac, liver, and spleen, but by the seventh month, red bone marrow is the primary site of hematopoiesis (p. 57). B. Fetal blood cells form hemoglobin-F, which has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin-A (p. 657). Cross References From Chapters 1-15 Additional information on topics covered in Chapter 17 can be found in the chapters listed below. 1. Chapter 3: Diffusion; osmosis 2. Chapter 4: Tissue repair 3. Chapter 6: Hematopoietic tissue Laboratory Correlations 1. Marieb, E. N. , and S. J. Mitchell. Human Anatomy Physiology Laboratory Manual: Cat and Fetal Pig Versions. Ninth Edition Updates. Benjamin Cummings, 2009. Exercise 29: Blood PhysioExâ„ ¢ 8. Exercise 29B: Blood Analysis: Computer Simulation 2. Marieb, E. N. , and S. J. Mitchell. Human Anatomy Physiology Laboratory Manual: Main Version. Eighth Edition Update. Benjamin Cummings, 2009. Exercise 29: Blood PhysioExâ„ ¢ 8. 0 Exercise 29B: Blood Analysis: Computer Simulation Online Resources for Students myAPâ„ ¢ www. myaandp. com The following shows the organization of the Chapter Guide page in myAPâ„ ¢. The Chapter Guide organizes all the chapter-specific online media resources for Chapter 17 in one convenient location, with e-book links to each section of the textbook. Students can also access AP Flix animations, MP3 Tutor Sessions, Interactive Physiology ® 10-System Suite, Practice Anatomy Labâ„ ¢ 2. 0, PhysioExâ„ ¢ 8. 0, and much more. Objectives Section 17. 1 Overview: Blood Composition and Functions (pp. 635–636) Section 17. 2 Blood Plasma (p. 636) Memory Game: Blood Cells Section 17. 3 Formed Elements (pp. 637–649) MP3 Tutor Session: Hemoglobin: Function and Impact Interactive Physiology ® 10-System Suite: Respiratory System: Gas Transport Memory Game: Identifying the Formed Elements of Blood Case Study: Iron-Deficiency Anemia Case Study: Sickle-Cell Anemia Section 17. Hemostasis (pp. 649–654) Section 17. 5 Transfusion and Blood Replacement (pp. 654–657) Section 17. 6 Diagnostic Blood Tests (p. 657) Section 17. 7 Developmental Aspects of Blood (p. 657) Chapter Summary Crossword Puzzle 17. 1 Crossword Puzzle 17. 2 Crossword Puzzle 17. 3 Web Links Chapter Quizzes Art Labeling Quiz Matching Quiz Multiple-Choi ce Quiz True-False Quiz Chapter Practice Test Study Tools Histology Atlas myeBook Flashcards Glossary Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions Multiple-Choice and Matching Question answers appear in Appendix G of the main text. Short Answer Essay Questions 11. a. The formed elements are living blood cells. The major categories of formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. b. The least numerous of the formed elements are the leukocytes. c. The buffy coat in a hematocrit tube comprises the white blood cells and platelets. (p. 635) 12. Hemoglobin is made up of the protein globin bound to the pigment heme. Each molecule contains four polypeptide chains (globins) and four heme groups, each bearing an atom of iron in its center. Its function is to bind oxygen to each iron atom. When oxygen is loaded (bound to hemoglobin), the hemoglobin becomes bright red. When oxygen is unloaded from the iron, the hemoglobin becomes dark red. (p. 638) 13. With a high hematocrit, you would expect the hemoglobin determination to be high, since the hematocrit is the percent of blood made up of RBCs. (p. 635) 14. In addition to carbohydrates for energy and amino acids needed for protein synthesis, the nutrients needed for erythropoiesis are iron and certain B vitamins. (p. 640) 15. a. -In the process of erythropoiesis, a hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast, which gives rise to early, then late erythroblasts, normoblasts, and reticulocytes. b. The immature cell type released to the circulation is the reticulocyte. c. The reticulocyte differs from a mature erythrocyte in that it still contains some rough ER. (p. 639) 16. The physiological attributes that contribute to the function of white blood cells in the body include the ability to move by amoeboid action, exhibition of positive chemotaxis enabling them to pinpoint areas of tissue damage, diapedesis (moving through capillary walls), and the ability to participate in phagocytosis. (p. 643) 17. a. With a severe infection, the WBC count would be closest to 15,000 WBC/mm3 of blood. . This condition is called leukocytosis. (p. 643) 18. a. Platelets appear as small discoid fragments of large, multinucleated cells called megakaryocytes. They are essential for the clotting process and work by clumping together to form a temporary plug to prevent blood loss. b. Platelets should not be called â€Å"cells† because they are only fragments of cells. (p. 648) 19. a. Literally, hemostasis is â€Å"blood standing still† because it refers to clotted blood. It encompasses the steps that prevent blood loss from blood vessels. (p. 649) b. The three major steps of coagulation include the formation of prothrombin activator by a cascade of activated procoagulants, the use of prothrombin activator enzymatically to release the active enzyme thrombin from prothrombin, and the use of thrombin to cause fibrinogen to form fibrin strands. (pp. 649–652) c. The intrinsic pathway depends on substances present in (intrinsic to) blood. It has many more steps and intermediates, and is slower. The extrinsic mechanism bypasses the early steps of the intrinsic mechanism and is triggered by tissue factor (thromboplastin) released by injured cells in the vessel wall or in surrounding tissues. pp. 650–651) d. Calcium is essential to virtually all stages of coagulation. (p. 651) 20. a. Fibrinolysis is the disposal of clots when healing has occurred. b. The importance of this process is that without it, blood vessels would gradually become occluded by clots that are no longer necessary. (p. 652) 21. a. Clot overgrowth is usuall y prevented by rapid removal of coagulation factors and inhibition of activated clotting factors. (pp. 652–653) b. Two conditions that may lead to unnecessary (and undesirable) clot formation are roughening of the vessel wall endothelium and blood stasis. (p. 653) 22. Bleeding disorders occur when the liver cannot synthesize its usual supply of procoagulants. (p. 653) 23. a. A transfusion reaction involves agglutination of foreign RBCs, leading to clogging of small blood vessels, and lysis of the donated RBCs. It occurs when mismatched blood is transfused. b. Possible consequences include disruption of oxygen-carrying capacity, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, general toxicity, and renal failure. (p. 656) 24. Among other things, poor nutrition can cause iron-deficiency anemia due to inadequate intake of iron-containing foods or to pernicious anemia due to deficiency of vitamin B12. p. 642) 25. The most common blood-related problems for the aged include chronic types of leukemias, anemias, and thromboembolytic disease. (p. 657) Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 1. Hemopoiesis is a process involving fairly rapid cell production. Because chemotherapeutics simply target cells exhibiting rapid turnover (rather than other specific pro perties of cancer cells), hemopoiesis is a target of chemotherapeutic drugs and must be carefully monitored. (pp. 638–639) 2. a. The woman would probably be given a whole blood transfusion. It is essential that she maintain sufficient O2-carrying capacity to serve fetal needs and blood volume to maintain circulation. b. The blood tests that would be performed include tests for ABO and Rh group antigen and cross matching. (pp. 654–655) 3. a. Polycythemia accounts for his higher erythrocyte count because of the need to produce more RBCs to increase his O2 binding and transport ability in the high-altitude (thinner air) environment of the Alps. Enhanced production of RBCs was prompted by an increased production of erythropoietin. b. His RBC count will not stay higher than normal because the excess production of RBCs will depress erythropoietin production by the kidneys when adequate levels of O2 are being transported in the blood. (p. 643) 4. Janie’s leukocytes are immature or abnormal and are incapable of defending her body in the usual way. (p. 648) 5. Red bone marrow is the site of hemopoiesis, and if it is destroyed by benzene, hemocytoblasts will not be produced, which will reduce the production of megakaryocytes (the progenitor cells of platelets, which are involved in clotting). p. 638) 6. Tyler is turning out a high rate of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells), which accounts for his high hematocrit. (p. 639) 7. An analysis of the clotting process described in the text should reveal that the two blood proteins are thrombin and fibrinogen. (p. 650) 8. An elevated RBC count could be related to smoking, due to the frequent hypoxia that results from inhalation of oxygen-poor cigarette smoke. (p. 6 43) 9. Aspirin is a mild anticoagulant, which could cause excessive bleeding during or after surgery. (p. 653)